Contents

List of Examples

List of Figures

List of Tables

Title and Copyright Information

Send Us Your Comments

Preface

Documentation Accessibility

Technologies Released Separately

Related Documentation

New and Changed Features

Topology and Network Management

Spatial Analysis and Mining

Quadtree Indexing Discouraged; R-Tree Indexing Encouraged

New Utility Subprograms

SDO_NN Operator Behavior Changes

New Spatial Aggregate Function

New Coordinate Systems Function: VALIDATE_WKT

MBRs Supported with Geodetic Data

New and Changed LRS Subprograms

Tolerance with LRS Subprograms

New Tuning Function: ESTIMATE_RTREE_INDEX_SIZE

Deprecated Tuning Subprograms

New GML Support Function: TO_GMLGEOMETRY

Interior Buffers

Tablespace for Temporary Tables During Index Creation

Separate Index Table for Nonleaf Nodes

MDSYS No Longer Needed with Spatial Data Types

DBA_SDO_xxx Views No Longer Provided

SDO_MIGRATE Procedures

Java Client Interface

Transportable Tablespace Support

New Schema: MDDATA

Complex Query Examples

Part I Conceptual and Usage Information

1 Spatial Concepts

1.1 What Is Oracle Spatial?

1.2 Object-Relational Model

1.3 Introduction to Spatial Data

1.4 Geometry Types

1.5.4 Coordinate System

1.5.5 Tolerance

1.5.5.1 Tolerance in the Geometry Metadata for a Layer

1.5.5.2 Tolerance as an Input Parameter

1.6 Query Model

1.7 Indexing of Spatial Data

1.7.1 R-Tree Indexing

1.7.2 R-Tree Quality

1.8 Spatial Relationships and Filtering

1.9 Spatial Operators, Procedures, and Functions

1.10 Spatial Aggregate Functions

1.10.1 SDOAGGRTYPE Object Type

1.11 Spatial Java Interface

1.13 MDDATA Schema

1.14 Performance and Tuning Information

1.15 Spatial Release (Version) Number

1.16 Spatial Application Hardware Requirement Considerations

1.17 Spatial Error Messages

1.18 Spatial Examples

2 Spatial Data Types and Metadata

2.1 Simple Example: Inserting, Indexing, and Querying Spatial Data

2.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type

2.2.1 SDO_GTYPE

2.2.3 SDO_POINT

2.2.4 SDO_ELEM_INFO

2.2.5 SDO_ORDINATES

2.2.6 Usage Considerations

2.3 Geometry Examples

2.3.1 Rectangle

2.3.2 Polygon with a Hole

2.3.3 Compound Line String

2.3.4 Compound Polygon

2.3.6 Type 0 (Zero) Element

2.4 Geometry Metadata Views

2.4.1 TABLE_NAME

2.4.2 COLUMN_NAME

2.5 Spatial Index-Related Structures

2.5.1 Spatial Index Views

2.5.1.1 xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views

2.5.1.2 xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views

2.5.2 Spatial Index Table Definition

2.5.3 R-Tree Index Sequence Object

2.6 Unit of Measurement Support

3 Loading Spatial Data

3.1 Bulk Loading

3.1.1 Bulk Loading SDO_GEOMETRY Objects

3.1.2 Bulk Loading Point-Only Data in SDO_GEOMETRY Objects

3.2 Transactional Insert Operations Using SQL

4 Indexing and Querying Spatial Data

4.1 Creating a Spatial Index

4.1.1 Creating R-Tree Indexes

4.1.2 Indexing Geodetic Data

4.1.3 Improving Performance with Bulk Insert Operations

4.1.4 Constraining Data to a Geometry Type

4.1.5 Creating a Cross-Schema Index

4.1.6 Using Partitioned Spatial Indexes

4.1.7 Exchanging Partitions Including Indexes

4.1.8 Export and Import Considerations with Spatial Indexes and Data

4.2 Querying Spatial Data

4.2.1 Spatial Query

4.2.1.1 Primary Filter Operator

4.2.1.2 Primary and Secondary Filter Operator

4.2.1.3 Within-Distance Operator

4.2.1.4 Nearest Neighbor Operator

4.2.1.5 Spatial Functions

4.2.2 Spatial Join

4.2.3 Cross-Schema Operator Invocation

5 Geocoding Address Data

5.1 Concepts for Geocoding

5.1.1 Address Representation

5.1.2 Match Modes

5.1.3 Match Codes

5.1.4 Error Messages for Output Geocoded Addresses

5.2 Data Types for Geocoding

5.2.1 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type

5.2.2 SDO_ADDR_ARRAY Type

5.2.3 SDO_KEYWORDARRAY Type

5.3 Using the Geocoding Capabilities

6 Coordinate Systems (Spatial Reference Systems)

6.1 Terms and Concepts

6.1.1 Coordinate System (Spatial Reference System)

6.1.2 Cartesian Coordinates

6.1.3 Geodetic Coordinates (Geographic Coordinates)

6.1.4 Projected Coordinates

6.1.5 Local Coordinates

6.1.6 Geodetic Datum

6.1.7 Authalic Sphere

6.1.8 Transformation

6.2 Geodetic Coordinate Support

6.2.1 Geodesy and Two-Dimensional Geometry

6.2.2 Choosing a Geodetic or Projected Coordinate System

6.2.3 Geodetic MBRs

6.2.4 Other Considerations and Requirements with Geodetic Data

6.3 Local Coordinate Support

6.4 Coordinate Systems Data Structures

6.4.1 MDSYS.CS_SRS Table

6.4.1.1 Well-Known Text (WKT)

6.4.2 MDSYS.SDO_ANGLE_UNITS Table

6.4.3 MDSYS.SDO_DATUMS Table

6.4.4 MDSYS.SDO_ELLIPSOIDS Table

6.4.5 MDSYS.SDO_PROJECTIONS Table

6.5 Creating a User-Defined Coordinate System

6.6 Coordinate System Transformation Functions

6.7 Notes and Restrictions with Coordinate Systems Support

6.7.1 Different Coordinate Systems for Geometries with Operators and Functions

6.7.2 Functions Not Supported with Geodetic Data

6.7.3 Functions Supported by Approximations with Geodetic Data

6.8 Example of Coordinate System Transformation

7 Linear Referencing System

7.1 Terms and Concepts

7.1.1 Geometric Segments (LRS Segments)

7.1.2 Shape Points

7.1.3 Direction of a Geometric Segment

7.1.4 Measure (Linear Measure)

7.1.6 Measure Populating

7.1.7 Measure Range of a Geometric Segment

7.1.8 Projection

7.1.9 LRS Point

7.1.10 Linear Features

7.2 LRS Data Model

7.3 Indexing of LRS Data

7.4 3D Formats of LRS Functions

7.5 LRS Operations

7.5.1 Defining a Geometric Segment

7.5.2 Redefining a Geometric Segment

7.5.3 Clipping a Geometric Segment

7.5.4 Splitting a Geometric Segment

7.5.5 Concatenating Geometric Segments

7.5.6 Scaling a Geometric Segment

7.5.7 Offsetting a Geometric Segment

7.5.8 Locating a Point on a Geometric Segment

7.5.9 Projecting a Point onto a Geometric Segment

7.5.10 Converting LRS Geometries

7.6 Tolerance Values with LRS Functions

7.7 Example of LRS Functions

8 Spatial Analysis and Mining

8.1 Spatial Information and Data Mining Applications

8.2 Spatial Binning for Detection of Regional Patterns

8.3 Materializing Spatial Correlation

8.4 Colocation Mining

8.5 Spatial Clustering

8.6 Location Prospecting

9 Extending Spatial Indexing Capabilities

9.1 SDO_GEOMETRY Objects in User-Defined Type Definitions

9.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Objects in Function-Based Indexes

9.2.1 Example: Function with Standard Types

9.2.2 Example: Function with a User-Defined Object Type

Part II Reference Information

10 SQL Statements for Indexing Spatial Data

ALTER INDEX REBUILD

ALTER INDEX RENAME TO

11 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type Methods

12 Spatial Operators

SDO_ANYINTERACT

SDO_NN_DISTANCE

SDO_OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT

SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT

SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE

13 Geometry Subprograms

SDO_GEOM.RELATE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_ARC_DENSIFY

SDO_GEOM.SDO_AREA

SDO_GEOM.SDO_BUFFER

SDO_GEOM.SDO_CENTROID

SDO_GEOM.SDO_CONVEXHULL

SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION

SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH

SDO_GEOM.SDO_MAX_MBR_ORDINATE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_MBR

SDO_GEOM.SDO_MIN_MBR_ORDINATE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_POINTONSURFACE

SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION

SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR

SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY

SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT

SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_LAYER

SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_LAYER_WITH_CONTEXT

SDO_GEOM.WITHIN_DISTANCE

14 Spatial Aggregate Functions

SDO_AGGR_CENTROID

SDO_AGGR_CONCAT_LINES

SDO_AGGR_CONVEXHULL

SDO_AGGR_LRS_CONCAT

15 Coordinate System Transformation Subprograms

SDO_CS.TRANSFORM

SDO_CS.TRANSFORM_LAYER

SDO_CS.VALIDATE_WKT

SDO_CS.VIEWPORT_TRANSFORM

16 Linear Referencing Subprograms

SDO_LRS.CLIP_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.CONCATENATE_GEOM_SEGMENTS

SDO_LRS.CONNECTED_GEOM_SEGMENTS

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_LRS_DIM_ARRAY

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_LRS_GEOM

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_LRS_LAYER

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_STD_DIM_ARRAY

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_STD_GEOM

SDO_LRS.CONVERT_TO_STD_LAYER

SDO_LRS.DEFINE_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.DYNAMIC_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.FIND_LRS_DIM_POS

SDO_LRS.FIND_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.FIND_OFFSET

SDO_LRS.GEOM_SEGMENT_END_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.GEOM_SEGMENT_END_PT

SDO_LRS.GEOM_SEGMENT_LENGTH

SDO_LRS.GEOM_SEGMENT_START_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.GEOM_SEGMENT_START_PT

SDO_LRS.GET_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.GET_NEXT_SHAPE_PT

SDO_LRS.GET_NEXT_SHAPE_PT_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.GET_PREV_SHAPE_PT

SDO_LRS.GET_PREV_SHAPE_PT_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.IS_GEOM_SEGMENT_DEFINED

SDO_LRS.IS_MEASURE_DECREASING

SDO_LRS.IS_MEASURE_INCREASING

SDO_LRS.IS_SHAPE_PT_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.LOCATE_PT

SDO_LRS.MEASURE_RANGE

SDO_LRS.MEASURE_TO_PERCENTAGE

SDO_LRS.OFFSET_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.PERCENTAGE_TO_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.PROJECT_PT

SDO_LRS.REDEFINE_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.RESET_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.REVERSE_GEOMETRY

SDO_LRS.REVERSE_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.SCALE_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.SET_PT_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.SPLIT_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.TRANSLATE_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.VALID_GEOM_SEGMENT

SDO_LRS.VALID_LRS_PT

SDO_LRS.VALID_MEASURE

SDO_LRS.VALIDATE_LRS_GEOMETRY

17 SDO_MIGRATE Procedure

SDO_MIGRATE.TO_CURRENT

18 Spatial Tuning Subprograms

SDO_TUNE.AVERAGE_MBR

SDO_TUNE.ESTIMATE_RTREE_INDEX_SIZE

SDO_TUNE.EXTENT_OF

SDO_TUNE.MIX_INFO

SDO_TUNE.QUALITY_DEGRADATION

19 Spatial Utility Subprograms

SDO_UTIL.APPEND

SDO_UTIL.CIRCLE_POLYGON

SDO_UTIL.CONCAT_LINES

SDO_UTIL.CONVERT_UNIT

SDO_UTIL.ELLIPSE_POLYGON

SDO_UTIL.EXTRACT

SDO_UTIL.GETNUMELEM

SDO_UTIL.GETNUMVERTICES

SDO_UTIL.GETVERTICES

SDO_UTIL.INITIALIZE_INDEXES_FOR_TTS

SDO_UTIL.POINT_AT_BEARING

SDO_UTIL.POLYGONTOLINE

SDO_UTIL.PREPARE_FOR_TTS

SDO_UTIL.REMOVE_DUPLICATE_VERTICES

SDO_UTIL.REVERSE_LINESTRING

SDO_UTIL.SIMPLIFY

SDO_UTIL.TO_GMLGEOMETRY

20 Geocoding Subprograms

SDO_GCDR.GEOCODE

SDO_GCDR.GEOCODE_ALL

SDO_GCDR.GEOCODE_AS_GEOMETRY

21 Spatial Analysis and Mining Subprograms

SDO_SAM.AGGREGATES_FOR_GEOMETRY

SDO_SAM.AGGREGATES_FOR_LAYER

SDO_SAM.BIN_GEOMETRY

SDO_SAM.BIN_LAYER

SDO_SAM.COLOCATED_REFERENCE_FEATURES

SDO_SAM.SIMPLIFY_GEOMETRY

SDO_SAM.SIMPLIFY_LAYER

SDO_SAM.SPATIAL_CLUSTERS

SDO_SAM.TILED_AGGREGATES

SDO_SAM.TILED_BINS

Part III Supplementary Information

A Installation, Compatibility, and Upgrade

A.1 Upgrading LRS Data

B Oracle Locator

C Complex Spatial Queries: Examples

C.1 Tables Used in the Examples

C.2 SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE Examples

C.3 SDO_NN Examples

C.4 SDO_AGGR_UNION Example

Glossary

Index