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Chapter 9: With Cannon You Can

In this example, we become graphic, by drawing a cute little blue cannon. Only cannon.cpp differs from the previous chapter.

• lcdrange.h contains the LCDRange class definition
• lcdrange.cpp contains the LCDRange implementation
• cannon.h contains the CannonField class definition
• cannon.cpp contains the CannonField implementation
• main.cpp contains MyWidget and main.
• Makefile contains some rules for generating the meta object information necessary for signal/slot creation.

Line by Line Walk-Through

cannon.cpp

    void CannonField::paintEvent( QPaintEvent * )
    {
        QPainter p( this );

We'll now start to use QPainter in earnest. We create a painter that operates on this widget.

        p.setBrush( blue );

When QPainter fills a rectangle, a circle or something, it fills the shape using its brush. Here, we set it to use a blue brush. (We could also use a pattern.)

        p.setPen( NoPen );

And the edges of what QPainter draws are drawn using the pen. Here we set it to NoPen, meaning that there will be no special edge when we draw something. The blue brush will go all the way to the edges of the things we draw.

        p.translate( 0, rect().bottom() );

The QPainter::translate() function translates the coordinate system of the QPainter, i.e. moves it by an offset. Here we set the (0,0) point to the bottom left corner of the widget. The x and y directions remain unchanged, i.e. all the y coordinates inside the widget are now negative (see The Coordinate System for more information about Qt's coordinate system).

        p.drawPie( QRect(-35, -35, 70, 70), 0, 90*16 );

The drawPie() function draws a pie shape inside the specified rectangle using a start angle and an arc length. The angles are specified in 1/16th of a degree. Zero degrees is at the 3 o'clock position. The drawing direction is counter-clockwise. Here we draw a quarter of a circle in the bottom left corner of the widget. The pie is filled with blue and has no outline.

        p.rotate( -ang );

The QPainter::rotate() function rotates the coordinate system of the QPainter around the origin. The rotation argument is a float given in degrees (not given in 1/16th of a degree as above) and clockwise. Here we rotate the coordinate system ang degrees counter-clockwise.

        p.drawRect( QRect(33, -4, 15, 8) );

The QPainter::drawRect() function draws the specified rectangle. Here we draw the barrel of the cannon.

It can often be difficult to envision the resulting drawing when the coordinate system has been transformed (translated, rotated, scaled or sheared) as above.

In this case, the coordinate system is first translated, then rotated. If the rectangle QRect(33, -4, 15, 8) had been drawn in the translated coordinate system, it would have looked like this:

Note that the rectangle is clipped by the border of the CannonField widget. When we rotate the coordinate system, for instance 60 degrees, the rectangle will be rotated around (0,0), which is the bottom left corner, since we have translated the coordinate system. The result looks like this:

We're done, except that we haven't explained why Windows didn't dither this time.

    int main( int argc, char **argv )
    {
        QApplication::setColorSpec( QApplication::CustomColor );
        QApplication a( argc, argv );

We tell Qt that we want a different color allocation strategy for this program. There is no single correct color allocation strategy. Since this program uses an unusual yellow but not many colors, CustomColor is best. There are several other allocation strategies. You can read about them in the QApplication::setColorSpec() documentation.

Mostly, you can ignore this - the default is good. Occasionally some applications with unusual color use look bad, and often changing the allocation strategy helps.

Behavior

When the slider is operated, the angle of the drawn cannon changes accordingly.

The Q on the Quit button is now underlined, and Alt-Q does what you think it does. If you do not know why, you didn't do the exercises in chapter eight.

You may notice that the cannon flickers annoyingly, especially on a slow machine. We'll fix this in the next chapter.

Excercises

Set a different pen instead of NoPen. Set a patterned brush.

Try "Q&uit" or "Qu&it" as button text instead of "&Quit" - what happens?

You may now go on to chapter ten.

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