Index

(+) outer join operator 3-16

, (comma) format element 3-65

. (period) number format element 3-65

< comparison operator 3-5

<= comparison operator 3-5

= comparison operator 3-5

> comparison operator 3-5

>= comparison operator 3-5

^= comparison operator 3-5

_ character

ABS numeric function 3-18

" double quotation marks

with object names 2-49

0 format element 3-65

9 format element 3-65

AD/A.D. format element 3-72

ADD clause

of ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG command 182

of ALTER TABLE command 213

ADD DATAFILE clause

ADD LOGFILE clause

ADD LOGFILE MEMBER clause

ADD OVERFLOW option

ADD PARTITION option

add_column_options_clause

ADD_MONTHS date function 3-36

add_overflow_clause

of ALTER TABLE 210

add_partition_clause

of ALTER TABLE 211

adding

ADMIN OPTION

of GRANT command 540

ADVISE clause

AFTER option

ALL comparison operator 3-5

alias

table 648

ALL option

of SQL group functions 3-57

of SELECT command 591

of SET ROLE command 616

ALL PRIVILEGES option

of GRANT command 544

of REVOKE command 579

ALL statement auditing short cut 275

ALL TRIGGERS option

ALL_INDEXES view 259

ALL_TAB_COLUMNS view 261

ALL_TABLES view 259

ALLOCATE EXTENT clause

allocate_extent_clause

of ALTER CLUSTER 107

of ALTER INDEX 126

deallocate_unused_clause. See DEALLOCATE UNUSED Clause.

allocating

extents for tables 203

ALTER CLUSTER

physical_attributes_clause 106

ALTER CLUSTER command 106

allocate_extent_clause 107

deallocate_unused_clause. See DEALLOCATE UNUSED Clause.

ALTER DATABASE command 110

autoextend_clause 113

examples 118, 119, 120, 571

recover_clause. See RECOVER Clause.

ALTER FUNCTION command 121

examples 122

ALTER INDEX command 123

allocate_extent_clause 126

deallocate_unused_clause. See DEALLOCATE UNUSED clause.

examples 130

index_physical_attributes_clause 125

parallel_clause. See PARALLEL Clause.

partition_description_clause 126

split_partition_clause 126

ALTER object auditing option 272

ALTER object privilege

on sequences 547

ALTER PROCEDURE command 136

ALTER PACKAGE command

examples 134, 135

examples 137

ALTER PROFILE command 138

examples 141, 142

ALTER RESOURCE COST command 143

examples 144

ALTER ROLE command 146

examples 147

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 148

examples 150

ALTER SEQUENCE command 151

examples 152

ALTER SESSION command 154

examples 163, 164, 165, 166, 169

ALTER SNAPSHOT command 172

add_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

examples 177

LOB_storage_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

modify_default_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

modify_LOB_storage_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

modify_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

move_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

physical_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

rename_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

split_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG command 180

add_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

examples 182

modify_default_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

modify_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

move_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

physical_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

rename_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

split_partition_clause. See ALTER TABLE command.

ALTER SYSTEM command 184

archive_log_clause. See ARCHIVE LOG clause.

dispatch_clause 188

examples 194, 196, 198, 200

opts_clause 189

set_clause 186

ALTER TABLE command 203

add_column_options_clause 206

add_overflow_clause 210

add_partition_clause 211

allocate_extent_clause 209

column_constraint, table_constraint. See CONSTRAINT clause.

column_ref_clause 206

deallocate_unused_clause. See DEALLOCATE UNUSED clause.

drop_clause. See DROP clause.

examples 221

exchange_partition_clause 212

index_organized_table_clauses 209

LOB_index_clause 208

LOB_parameters 207

LOB_storage_clause 207

modify_column_options_clause 206

modify_LOB_index_clause 209

modify_LOB_storage_clause 208

modify_partition_clause 211

move_partition_clause 211, 212

nested_table_storage_clause 209

overflow_clause 210

physical_attributes_clause 207

partitioning_clauses 210

segment_partition_clause 212

split_partition_clause 212

ALTER TABLESPACE command 231

table_ref_clause 206

autoextend_clause 234

examples 237

filespec. See "Filespec".

ALTER TRIGGER command 239

examples 240

ALTER TYPE

examples 245

ALTER TYPE command 242

pragma_clause 243

ALTER USER command 248

examples 250

ALTER VIEW command 252

examples 253

altering

costs of resources 143

AM/A.M. format element 3-72

American National Standards Committee (ANSI) 1- 2

ANALYZE command 254

examples 261, 262

for_clause 255

AND logical operator 3-11

in a condition 3-91

truth table 3-12

ANSI

American National Standards Institute 1- 2

datatypes 2-20

X3.135-1992 1- 2

ANY comparison operator 3-5

application failover

See DISCONNECT SESSION clause of ALTER SYSTEM command

ARCHIVE LOG clause 265

examples 267

ARCHIVELOG option

of CREATE SNAPSHOT command 390

archiving redo log files

disabling 114

enabling 114

arithmetic

with DATE values 2-14

arithmetic operator 3-3

AS clause

of CREATE TABLE command 419

of CREATE VIEW command 464

AS EXTERNAL clause

AS OBJECT option

AS TABLE option

AS VARRAY option

ASC option

of ORDER BY clause 593

ASCII

and EBCDIC 3-4

character function 3-33

character set 2-26

attribute reference

expression syntax 3-88

attribute_name parameter

AUDIT object auditing option 272

attributes 2-23

AUDIT command 268, 276

examples 273, 279

AUDIT_TRAIL 269

AUTHENTICATED BY clause

of CREATE DATABASE LINK 324

authenticated_clause

AUTOEXTEND

datafile size in tablespace 235, 428

AUTOEXTEND clause

of CREATE DATABASE command 321

autoextend_clause

of ALTER DATABASE 113

of ALTER TABLESPACE 234

of CREATE DATABASE 318

of CREATE TABLESPACE 428

AUTOMATIC option

of RECOVER clause 570

AVG group function 3-57

B format element 3-65

BACKUP CONTROLFILE clause

of ALTER DATABASE command 116

BC/B.C. format element 3-72

BEFORE option

of CREATE TRIGGER command 433

BEGIN BACKUP option

BETWEEN comparison operator 3-5

BFILE datatype 2-17

BFILENAME function 3-50

BFILEs

accessing 329

BITMAP option

blank-padded comparison semantics 2-25

BLOB datatype 2-17

block size

effect on PCTINCREASE 626

BODY option

of ALTER PACKAGE command 133

of COMPILE clause

of DROP PACKAGE command 493

BUFFER_POOL option

of AUDIT command 269, 277

BY ACCESS option

BY clause

of AUDIT command 269

of NOAUDIT command 560

BY SESSION option

of AUDIT command 269, 277

C format element 3-65

CACHE option

of CREATE TABLE 419

CACHE parameter

of CREATE SEQUENCE command 381, 383

CACHE_INSTANCES parameter

of ALTER SYSTEM command 191

CALLING STANDARD clause

CANCEL option

date format elements 3-74

capitalizing

cartesian product 608

CASCADE CONSTRAINT option

of REVOKE (Schema Object Privileges) command 579

CASCADE option

of DROP clause 483

case sensitivity

CEIL number function 3-19, 3-20

in SQL statements 1- 5

CAST expression 3-84

CAST operator

expression syntax 3-83

century

storing 2-14

change display format

format model 3-63

CHANGE parameter

goal for the cost-based optimization approach 167

changing

optimization approach 167

passwords 248

CHAR datatype 2-8

comparing values of 2-25

character

comparison rules 2-25

CHARACTER SET parameter

character sets, ASCII and EBCDIC 2-26

CHARTOROWID conversion function 3-42

CHECK constraints 3-40, 299

CHECKPOINT clause

of ALTER SYSTEM command 190, 194

CHR character function 3-25

CHUNK option

of LOB storage clause 417

CHUNK parameter

of LOB storage clause

CLEAR LOGFILE clause

CLOB datatype 2-18

CLONE DATABASE option

CLOSE DATABASE LINK option

CLOSE_OPEN_CACHED_CURSORS parameter

of CREATE SNAPSHOT command 388

closing

database links 168

CLUSTER clause

of CREATE TABLE command 417

cluster keys 309

distinct values of 309

CLUSTER option

adding tables to 311, 417

of TRUNCATE command 640

clusters 305

adding snapshots to 388

order of columns in 309

physical storage of tables in 308

removing tables from 485

size 310

specifying tablespaces for 307

storage characteristics of 106, 306, 307

truncating 639

column constraints 286

column_ref_clause

COMMENT object auditing option 272

of CREATE TABLE 408

columns

COMMENT clause

of COMMIT command 283

COMMENT command 281

examples 281

Comments

adding to objects 281

examples 2-39

removing from objects 281

within SQL statements 2-38

COMMIT command 283

ending a transaction 585, 622

COMMIT option

committing

comparison operators 3-5

comparison rules 2-24

comparison semantics

blank-padded 2-25

non-padded 2-25

COMPILE option

of ALTER FUNCTION command 121, 133

of ALTER PROCEDURE command 136

of ALTER VIEW command 252

compiling

procedures 136

stored functions 121

type bodies 243

type specifications 243

COMPLETE option

CONCAT character function 3-4

complex snapshots 391

condition

CONNECT BY clause

of SELECT command 592, 597, 598

CONNECT role 371

CONNECT statement auditing short cut 274

CONNECT TO clause

CONNECT_TIME parameter

index_physical_attributes_clause 288

constant

literal 2-2

CONSTRAINT clause

examples 296, 298

foreign_key_clause 287

of WITH CHECK OPTION clause 465

CONSTRAINT identifier

of CONSTRAINT clause 288

CONSTRAINT option

constraint states 303, 518

of DROP clause 483

CONSTRAINT(S) DEFAULT option

CONSTRAINT(S) DEFERRED option

ENABLE NOVALIDATE 290, 518

constraints

deferred 302

ENABLE VALIDATE 290, 517

enabling disabled constraints 519

Integrity constraints 286

on object type columns 425

CONTINUE option

CONVERT conversion function 3-42

CONVERT option

correlated subqueries 592, 635

converting

strings to dates 3-77

converting values 2-28

explicitly 2-29, 2-30

implicitly 2-28, 2-30

correlated update 648

COSH number function 3-20

cost

of executing SQL statements 526

COUNT group function 3-58

CPU_PER_CALL parameter

CREATE CLUSTER command 305

create

object view 462

examples 311

parallel_clause 305

physical_attributes_clause 306

storage clause. See STORAGE clause.

CREATE CONTROLFILE command 313

examples 316

filespec. See "FILESPEC".

CREATE DATABASE command 317

autoextend_clause 318

CREATE DATABASE LINK command 323

authenticated_clause 324

CREATE DIRECTORY command 328

CREATE FUNCTION command 330

CREATE INDEX command 335

global_index_clause 336

global_partition_clause 337

index_physical_attributes_clause 337

local_index_clause 337

parallel clause. See PARALLEL clause.

CREATE LIBRARY command 346

filespec. See "Filespec".

CREATE PACKAGE BODY command 352

examples 353

CREATE PACKAGE command 348

examples 350

CREATE PROCEDURE command 357

CREATE PROFILE command 363

examples 367

CREATE ROLE command 370

examples 372

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 374

examples 375

CREATE SCHEMA command 377

examples 378

CREATE SEQUENCE command 380

examples 384

CREATE SNAPSHOT command 385

examples 392

index_physical_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command

LOB_storage_clause. See CREATE TABLE command

physical_attributes_clause. See ALTER TABLE command

select_command. See SELECT command

table_partition_clause. See CREATE TABLE command

CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG command 396

examples 399

LOB_storage_clause. See CREATE TABLE command

physical_attributes_clause. See CREATE TABLE command

table_partition_clause. See CREATE TABLE command

CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE option

of ALTER DATABASE command 116

CREATE SYNONYM command 401

examples 403

CREATE TABLE command 405

column_ref_clause 408

disable_clause. See DISABLE clause.

enable_clause. See ENABLE clause.

examples 420

index_organized_table_clause 409

LOB_index_clause 410

LOB_storage_clause 409

nested_table_storage_clause 411

physical_attributes_clause 409

segment_attributes_clause 408

subquerye. See "Subqueries".

table_partition_clause 411

table_ref_clause 408

CREATE TABLESPACE command 427

autoextend_clause 428

examples 430

filespec 427

storage_clause. See STORAGE clause. 428

CREATE TRIGGER command 432

examples 439

CREATE TYPE BODY

examples 454

CREATE TYPE BODY command 452

CREATE TYPE command 444

examples 450

pragma_clause 446

CREATE USER command 456

examples 459

CREATE VIEW command 462

examples 469

subquery 463

creating

creating object tables 411

creating partitioned tables 418

creating REF columns

in tables 424

CURRENT option

CURRENT_USER option of CONNECT TO clause

CURRVAL pseudocolumn 2-33

examples 2-35, 637

cursors

storing in session cache 167

CYCLE option

data definition language (DDL) 97

D format element 3-65

DANGLING REFs 2-23

data complexity

hiding with a view 465

data independence

via synonyms 403

data manipulation language (DML) 102

data_item parameter of RETURNING clause

of DELETE command 475, 646

of INSERT command 552

database

deleting rollback segments from 499

database links

using in DELETE command 475

using in INSERT command 552

using in LOCK TABLE command 557

using in SELECT command 592, 637

using in UPDATE command 645

using with synonyms 326

database objects

definition of 2-44

DATABASE option

DATABASE parameter

adding datafiles to 317, 321

databases

adding redo log files to 317, 319

altering 110

archiving redo log files 114, 320

creating 317

maximum number

of datafiles 317

of instances 320

of redo log files 317, 319

mounting and dismounting 113

opening and closing 113

DATAFILE clause

of ALTER DATABASE command 117

of CREATE CONTROLFILE clause 315

of CREATE DATABASE command 321

DATAFILE option

of ALLOCATE EXTENT clause 107, 128, 216

DATAFILE parameter

datafiles

adding 235

adding to databases 317, 321

adding to tablespaces 231, 428

maximum number

changing for columns 220

converting between values of different 2-28

converting between with SQL functions 3-42

DB2 2-20

explicit conversion 2-29

implicit conversion 2-28

of conditions 3-90

of expressions 3-78

specifying for columns 306, 412

SQL/DS 2-20

summary 2-5

date

arithmetic 2-14

comparison rules 2-24

DATE datatype 2-13

comparing values of 2-24

julian 2-14

DATE format element 3-65

date format elements 3-69

capitalizing 3-74

date format model 3-69

DAY format element 3-72

DB2

datatypes 2-20

DBA role 372

DBA statement auditing short cut 275

DBA_CLUSTERS view 261

DBA_INDEXES view 259

DBA_TAB_COLUMNS view 261

DBA_TABLES view 259

DBMS_SNAPSHOT.REFRESH() procedure 391

DBMSSTDX.SQL 330, 348, 352, 357, 432

DDL (data definition language) 97

DEALLOCATE UNUSED clause 471

of ALTER TABLE command 216

deallocating space 216

decimal places

negative 2-11

DECODE expression 3-89

default

cluster key 343

DEFAULT option

of ALTER PROFILE command 143

of BUFFER_POOL option

of CREATE PROFILE command 366

of CREATE TABLE command 412

of NOAUDIT command 563

of ROLLBACK SEGMENT clause 388

default privilege domain 617

DEFAULT profile 367, 458, 497

DEFAULT ROLE clause

of ALTER USER command 250

DEFERRABLE constraints 302

DEFERRABLE option

deferring constraints 302

DELETE object auditing option 272

DELETE object privilege

of CREATE TRIGGER command 434, 437

DELETE option

DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE role 372

deleting

rows from tables 504

rows from tables and views 473

deleting from a single partition 477

deleting referenced key values 295

delimited names

quoted names 2-49

DEREF function 3-56

DESC option

of GRANT (Object Privileges) 544

of ORDER BY clause 593

directories

creating 328

definition 3-50, 328

directory object

defined 329

DIRECTORY option

directory parameter

of AUDIT (Schema Objects) command 277

of NOAUDIT (Schema Objects) command 563

DISABLE clause 479

examples 481

of ALTER DATABASE command 117

DISABLE COMMIT IN PROCEDURE option

of ALTER TRIGGER command 239

DISABLE option

of CONSTRAINT clause 290

of PARALLEL DML clause

DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW option

of LOB storage clause

integrity constraints 418, 479

disabled constraints

enabling 519

disabling

distributed recovery 199

redo log threads 117

resource limits 184, 194

roles for sessions 616

SQL trace facility for sessions 162, 163

triggers 240

DISCONNECT SESSION clause

creating and terminating 196

disconnecting

sessions 192, 200

dispatch_clause

of ALTER SYSTEM 188

dispatcher processes (DISP)

DISTINCT clause

with ORDER BY clause 602

DISTINCT option

of SELECT command 591

of SQL group functions 3-57

distributed query 637

examples 638

restrictions on 637

distributed recovery

disabling 184, 199

enabling in a single-process environment 184

enabling in single-process environments 199

distributed transactions 284, 586

DML (data manipulation language) 102

DROP clause 483

examples 484

DROP DATABASE LINK command 487

DROP CLUSTER command 485

examples 486

examples 487

DROP DIRECTORY command 488

examples 488

DROP FUNCTION command 489

examples 490

DROP INDEX command 491

examples 491

DROP LIBRARY command 492

DROP LOGFILE clause

DROP LOGFILE MEMBER clause

DROP PACKAGE command 493

DROP PARTITION option

DROP PROCEDURE command 495

examples 494, 495

DROP PROFILE command 497

examples 497

DROP ROLE command 498

examples 498

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 499

examples 499

DROP SEQUENCE command 500

examples 500

DROP SNAPSHOT command 501

examples 501

DROP SNAPSHOT LOG command 502

examples 502

DROP STORAGE option

of TRUNCATE command 640

DROP SYNONYM command 503

examples 503

DROP TABLE command 504

examples 505

DROP TABLESPACE command 506

examples 507

DROP TRIGGER command 508

examples 508

DROP TYPE BODY command 511

DROP TYPE command 509

DROP USER command 513

examples 514

DROP VIEW command

examples 515

dropping

dropping referential integrity constraints 579

DUAL data dictionary table

definition 636

example of selecting from 636

DUMMY column

of DUAL table 636

DUMP function 3-49

DY format element 3-72

dynamic performance tables

V$LOG 319

V$NLS_PARAMETERS 163

dynamic performance views

V$LOG 115

EBCDIC

and ASCII 3-4

character set 2-26

EEEE format element 3-65

embedded SQL 1- 3

EMPTY_BLOB fucntion 3-50

EMPTY_CLOB function 3-50

ENABLE clause 516

examples 521

except_clause 517

exceptions_clause 517

of ALTER DATABASE command 117

of ALTER SYSTEM command 199

using_index_clause 517

ENABLE DISTRIBUTED RECOVERY option

ENABLE NOVALIDATE 519

ENABLE NOVALIDATE constraints 290, 518

ENABLE NOVALIDATE option

of CONSTRAINT clause 290

ENABLE option

of ALTER TRIGGER command 239

of PARALLEL DML clause

ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW option

of LOB storage clause

ENABLE VALIDATE constraints 290, 517

ENABLE VALIDATE 519

ENABLE VALIDATE option

of CONSTRAINT clause 290

enabling

distributed recovery 184, 199

integrity constraints 418, 516

redo log threads 117

resource limits 184, 194, 367

roles for sessions 616

SQL trace facility for sessions 162, 163

triggers 240

enabling and diabling constraints 303, 518

enabling constraints 519

primary and unique key 303, 519

END BACKUP

END BACKUP option

ending

transactions 283

ENTRYID option

equijoins 606

ESCAPE character

of LIKE operator 3-8

examples

of Comments 2-39

EXCEPT clause

of SET ROLE command 616

except_clause

of ENABLE clause 517

EXCEPTIONS INTO clause

exceptions_clause

of ENABLE 517

EXCHANGE PARTITION option

EXECUTE object auditing option 272

exchange_partition_clause

of ALTER TABLE 212

EXECUTE object privilege

on procedures, functions, and packages 547

EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE role 372

executing

triggers 435

EXISTS comparison operator 3-5

EXP number function 3-20

EXPLAIN PLAN

analyzing partitioned tables 526

EXPLAIN PLAN command 524

use in condition 3-90

expression syntax

attribute reference 3-88

method invocation 3-88

VALUE operator 3-87

extents

allocating for tables 203

deallocating space 471

INITIAL size 625

MAXEXTENTS limit 626

EXTERNAL clause

of IDENTIFIED clause 371, 458, 459

external function

defined 330

external functions

creating 330

external procedures

definition 357

EXTERNALLY option

FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS option

result of a condition 3-90

FALSE

FAST option

Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 1- 2

filespec 530

examples 531

of CREATE TABLESPACE 427

fill mode

trims trailing blanks 3-75

FIPS 159

Federal Information Processing Standard 1- 2

firing

FLAGGER clause

using in UPDATE command 645

flattened subqueries

definition 633

in DELETE statements 475

using 634

FLOAT

ANSI datatype 2-12

FLOOR number function 3-20

FM date format element prefix

examples 3-76

FM format model modifier 3-75

FOR clause

of EXPLAIN PLAN command 525

FOR EACH ROW option

of CREATE TRIGGER command 435

FOR RECOVER option

of SELECT command 593, 603

FOR UPDATE clause

FOR UPDATE OF

example 605

FOR UPDATE option

of CREATE SNAPSHOT command 390

for_clause

of ANALYZE 255

FORCE clause

of COMMIT command 284

of ROLLBACK command 584

FORCE option

of CREATE VIEW command 463

of PARALLEL DML clause

of REVOKE (Schema Object Privileges) command 579

foreign key constraints 294

FOREIGN KEY option

of CONSTRAINT clause 295

foreign_key_clause

of CONSTRAINT clause 287

format model

date 3-69

definition 3-63

examples 3-63, 3-64, 3-76

number 3-65

formatting

date values 3-69

number values 3-65

FROM clause

of REVOKE command 575, 579

FROM parameter

of RECOVER clause 570

function_specification parameter

function_specification parameter of CREATE TYPE command 449

functions

FX format model modifier 3-75

G format element 3-65

GLOBAL option

of CHECK DATAFILES clause 190

of CHECKPOINT clause 190

global_index_clause

of CREATE INDEX 336

GLOBAL_NAMES 195

global_partition_clause

of CREATE INDEX 337

GLOBALLY AS option

of IDENTIFIED clause 458

GLOBALLY option

of IDENTIFIED clause 371

GRANT command 533, 543

examples 541, 548

part of CREATE SCHEMA command 377

GRANT object auditing option 272

GRANT OPTION

of GRANT command 545

granting

object privileges to users and roles 543

roles 533

system privileges and roles to users, roles 533

GRAPHIC datatype 2-22

GREATEST function 3-51

group

SQL functions 3-57

GROUP BY clause

group SQL functions and 3-17

of SELECT command 592, 599

GROUP parameter

of ADD LOGFILE MEMBER clause 115

of DROP LOGFILE clause 115

HASH parameter

of SELECT command 593, 600

HAVING clause

HEXTORAW conversion function 3-43

hints 2-40

in DELETE statements 476

in SELECT statements 594

in UPDATE statements 643

I date format element 3-72

IDENTIFIED clause

of CREATE ROLE command 370

of CREATE USER command 457

identifiers

names 2-47

identifiers, ORACLE

how to form A-3

IDLE_TIME parameter

IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 1- 2

IMMEDIATE option

IN comparison operator 3-5

implies 289

definition 3-5

INCLUDING clause

INCREMENT BY clause

sequence values 2-33, 637

incrementing

INDEX object auditing option 272

INDEX object privilege

INDEX option

of LOB storage clause 417

INDEX parameter

index_organized_table_clause

of CREATE TABLE 409

index_organized_table_clauses

LONG RAW datatypes prohibit 2-15

index_physical_attributes_clause

of ALTER INDEX 125

of CONSTRAINT clause 288

indexes

and LIKE operator 3-9

dropping 491, 492, 504

multiple per table 342

nested table columns 345

partitioned indexes 344

storage characteristics of 123, 339

indexing

specifying tablespaces for 339

index-organized tables 422

creating 415

examples 422

INITCAP character function 3-26

INITIAL parameter

of STORAGE clause 625, 628

initialization parameters

INITIALLY DEFERRABLE option

INITIALLY IMMEDIATE option

INITRANS parameter

inline LOB storage 214, 416

INSERT command 2-12, 550

examples 2-35, 554

summary 102

INSERT object auditing option 272

INSERT object privilege

INSERT option

rows into tables and views 550

inserting

inserting into views 554

INSTANCE clause

of ALLOCATE EXTENT clause 108, 128, 216

INSTANCE parameter

instances

maximum number

for databases 320

INSTEAD OF option

INSTR character function 3-34

instead of triggers

using 441

INTEGER datatype 2-3

integrity constraints

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1- 2

International Standards Organization (ISO) 1- 2

INTERSECT set operator 593

examples 3-15

INTO clause

of EXPLAIN PLAN command 525

IS DANGLING 2-23

IS NOT DANGLING 2-23

IS NOT NULL comparison operator 3-5

IS NULL comparison operator 3-5

ISDBA option

International Standards Organization 1- 2

ISO

ISO/IEC 9075

1992 1- 2

ISOLATION LEVEL clause

of SET TRANSACTION command 620

ISOLATION_LEVEL clause

IW date format element 3-72

IY date format element 3-72

IYY date format element 3-72

IYYY date format element 3-72

job queue processes 392

joins

KEEP option

of BUFFER_POOL option

KILL SESSION clause

L format element 3-65

LANGUAGE clause

LANGUAGE option

LAST_DAY date function 3-37

LEAST function 3-51

LENGTH character function 3-35

LENGTHB character function 3-35

LEVEL pseudocolumn 2-35

lexical conventions

SQL 1- 4

LIBRARY clause

LIKE comparison operator 3-5

definition 3-8

links

database links 323

LIST CHAINED ROWS clause

literal

character 2-2

definition of 2-2

numeric 2-2

LN number function 3-21

LOB columns

LOB storage

LOB storage clause

specifying in ALTER TABLE command 215

LOB storage parameters

LOB_index_clause

LOB_parameters

LOB_storage_clause

LOCAL option

of CHECK DATAFILES clause 190

of CHECKPOINT clause 190

of ROLLBACK SEGMENT clause 388

of ALTER SNAPSHOT command 177

LOCAL parameter

released by ROLLBACK statement 585

local_index_clause

of CREATE INDEX 337

location transparency

lock

releasing with COMMIT command 283

table 558

types of 558

LOCK object auditing option 272

LOCK TABLE command 557

examples 558

summary 102

locking

tables and views 557

LOG number function 3-21

LOG_FILES 319

logarithms

LN number function 3-21

LOG number function 3-21

LOGFILE clause

of CREATE DATABASE command 319

LOGFILE parameter

of ALTER INDEX command 128

LOGGING option

of ALTER TABLESPACE command 234

of CREATE TABLE command 415

indexing prohibited on 2-15

logical operator

definition 3-11

use in condition 3-90

LONG datatype 2-12

maximum length 2-12

restrictions on 2-12

LONG RAW datatype 2-15

similarity to LONG datatype 2-15

LONG VARGRAPHIC datatype 2-22

LOWER character function 3-27

lowercase

significance in SQL statements 1- 5

lowercase and uppercase

of schema object names 2-47

significance in pattern matching 3-9

LPAD character function 3-27

LTRIM character function 3-27

MAKE_REF function 3-56

MAP MEMBER clause

of CREATE TYPE command 244

MAP MEMBER clause of CREATE TYPE command 449

MAP method

object value comparisons 2-28

MASTER option

of ROLLBACK SEGMENT clause 388

MAX group function 3-58

MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE option

MAX_ENABLE_ROLES 617

MAXDATAFILES parameter

of STORAGE clause 626, 628

MAXEXTENTS parameter

MAXINSTANCES parameter

MAXLOGFILES parameter

of CREATE DATABASE command 319

MAXLOGHISTORY parameter

MAXLOGMEMBERS parameter

MAXSIZE clause

MAXTRANS parameter

MAXVALUE parameter

of partitioning clause 418

MEMBER clause

of CREATE TYPE command 244

MEMBER clause of CREATE TYPE command 449

method invocation

expression syntax 3-88

method_name parameter

method_name parameter of CREATE TYPE command 450

methods 2-23

MI format element 3-65

MIN group function 3-59

MINEXTENTS parameter

of STORAGE clause 626

MINIMUM EXTENT parameter

MINUS set operator 593

examples 3-15

MINVALUE parameter

miscellaneous operators 3-16

MLSLABEL datatype 2-20

MODIFY clause

of ALTER TABLE command 213

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES

of ALTER INDEX command 129, 182

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES option

of ALTER TABLE command 213

modify LOB storage clause

MODIFY PARTITION option

modify_column_options_clause

modify_LOB_index_clause

column definitions 203, 213, 220

modify_LOB_storage_clause

of ALTER TABLE 208

modify_partition_clause

of ALTER TABLE 211

modifying

resource limits 138

MON format element 3-72

MONTH format element 3-72

MONTHS_BETWEEN date function 3-38

MOUNT option

mounting

databases 113

MOVE PARTITION option

of ALTER SYSTEM command 191, 195

move_partition_clause

of ALTER TABLE 211, 212

MTS_DISPATCHERS parameter

MTS_MAX_DISPATCHERS 196

MTS_MAX_SERVERS 195

MTS_SERVERS 195

MTS_SERVERS parameter

of ALTER SYSTEM command 191, 195

multi-threaded server

managing processes for 191, 195

NAME clause

lowercase and uppercase 2-47

names

for schema objects 2-47

quoted 2-49

namespaces

for schema objects 2-48

naming

of database objects A-3

naming schema objects 2-47

NATIONAL CHARACTER SET parameter

of CREATE DATABASE command 321

National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) 1- 2

National Language Support (NLS)

session settings 160, 163

natural logarithms 3-21

navigation

nested CURSOR

expression syntax 3-85

nested table columns

adding to tables 223

identifying in a subquery 633

indexes 345

nested table storage

creating 424

NESTED TABLE storage clause

of CREATE TABLE command 417

nested table types 2-24

nested_table_storage_clause

NEW_TIME date function 3-38

of CREATE TABLE 411

NEXT clause

NEXT option

NEXT parameter

NEXT_DAY date function 3-39

of STORAGE clause 626

NEXTVAL pseudocolumn 2-33

examples 2-35, 555, 637

NIST

National Institute for Standards and Technology 1- 2

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN function 3-52

NLS_CHARSET_ID function 3-52

NLS_CHARSET_NAME function 3-53

NLS_CURRENCY parameter

NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter

NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE parameter

NLS_INITCAP character function 3-28

NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter

NLS_LANGUAGE parameter

NLS_LOWER character function 3-23, 3-26, 3-28

NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS parameter

NLS_SORT parameter

NLS_TERRITORY parameter

NLS_UPPER character function 3-29

NLSSORT character function 3-36

NOARCHIVELOG option

of ALTER TABLE command 216

NOAUDIT command 560, 562

examples 561, 563

NOCACHE option

of CREATE SEQUENCE command 382

of CREATE TABLE 419

NOCYCLE option

of CREATE VIEW command 463

NOFORCE option

NOLOGGING option

of ALTER INDEX command 128

of ALTER TABLESPACE command 234

of CREATE INDEX command 343

of CREATE TABLE command 415

NOMAXVALUE option

NOMINVALUE option

non-padded comparison semantics 2-25

NONE option

of SET ROLE command 617

NOORDER option

of CREATE SEQUENCE command 382

NORESETLOGS option

NOREVERSE option

normal exit from Oracle7 285

NORMAL option

of CREATE INDEX command 339, 342

NOSORT option

NOT DEFERRABLE option

NOT IN comparison operator 3-5

examples 3-7

NOT LIKE comparison operator 3-5

NOT logical operator 3-8

truth table 3-12

NOT NULL clause

ALTER TABLE command 221

NOT NULL constraints 291

NOT option

of WHENEVER clause 269, 277, 278, 560, 563

NOVALIDATE option

of LOCK TABLE command 558

ofCONSTRAINT clause 290

NOWAIT option

of FOR UPDATE clause 593

NULL

constraint, example 291

in a condition 3-94

null 2-31

in a bitmap index 343

in an index 343

NULL value

of OPTIMAL parameter 375, 627

number

comparison rules 2-24

literal 2-2

NUMBER datatype 2-10

comparing values of 2-24

number format elements 3-65

number format models 3-65

examples 3-63

numeric

literal 2-2

NVARCHAR2 datatype 2-9

NVL function 2-31, 3-53

object auditing options 272, 277

object auditing short cuts 278

object privileges 545

granting to users and roles 543

on synonyms 547

revoking from users and roles 578

object reference

functions 3-56

object tables 423

creating 411

index on object identifier column 413

object type attributes and methods

referencing 2-57

object type bodies

creating 452

dropping 511

object type column constraints 425

object types 2-23

attributes and methods, referencing 2-57

comparing values of 2-27

creating 444

dropping 509

revoking privileges 579

object view

example 470

object views

creating 462, 470

OF datatype clause

of ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 149

OFFLINE option

of CREATE TABLESPACE command 429

of DATAFILE clause 118

OIDINDEX clause

of CREATE TABLE command 413

ON clause

of CREATE TRIGGER command 434, 437

of GRANT command 544

of NOAUDIT command 562

of REVOKE command 579

ON DELETE CASCADE option

of CONSTRAINT clause 295

ONLINE option

of ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 149

of CREATE TABLESPACE command 429

of DATAFILE clause 118

OPEN option

of rollback segments 375, 627

opening

operator

use in expression 3-78

optimal size

optimizer

hints 2-40

SQL 1- 3

OPTIMIZER_MODE 167

OPTIMIZER_MODE parameter

of CREATE FUNCTION command 332

opts_clause

of ALTER SYSTEM 189

OR logical operator

truth table 3-12

OR REPLACE option

of CREATE PACKAGE BODY command 353

of CREATE PACKAGE command 348

of CREATE PROCEDURE command 359

of CREATE TRIGGER command 433

of CREATE TYPE command 447

of CREATE VIEW command 463

ORACLE identifiers

how to form A-3

ORDER BY clause

and ROWNUM pseudocolumn 2-38

of SELECT command 593, 602

ORDER MEMBER clause of CREATE TRIGGER command 449

ORDER method

object value comparisons 2-28

ORDER option

of CREATE SEQUENCE command 382

ORGANIZATION HEAP option

of CREATE TABLE command 415

ORGANIZATION INDEX option

OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX

initialization parameter 460

OS_ROLES 541

out of line LOB storage 214, 416

outer join 3-16, 608

outer joins

examples 609

outer_join

of SELECT 608

OVERFLOW clause

procedures and stored functions 2-49, 349

overflow_clause

of ALTER TABLE 210

overloading

package bodies

dropping 493

PACKAGE option

of ALTER PACKAGE command 133

package specifications 348

packages 348, 349, 352

adding procedures to 349

adding stored functions to 349

creating 348, 352

creating package bodies for 352

creating package specifications for 348

dropping 493

redefining 348, 353

removing procedures from 495

removing stored functions from 489

packages bodies 352

PARALLEL clause 564

of ALTER SNAPSHOT command 175, 182

parallel clause

of ALTER TABLE command 219

parallel DML

enabling and disabling for sessions 158

PARALLEL DML option

parallel query clause 108

PARALLEL_DEFAULT_SCANSIZE parameter 565

parallel server

setting the instance 168

parallel_clause

of CREATE CLUSTER 305

PARAMETERS clause

overriding operator precedence 3-3

parentheses

around expressions 3-90

PARTITION BY RANGE clause

PARTITION clause

of UPDATE command 645

PARTITION option

partitioned snapshots 179, 395

partition views 469

partition_description_clause

of ALTER INDEX 126

partition_start column

of EXPLAIN PLAN 527

partition_stop column

of EXPLAIN PLAN 527

partitioned indexes

altering 129

definition 335

partitioned table analysis

EXPLAIN PLAN 526

partitioned table update 647

partitioned tables

creating 418

partitioning

partitioned indexes 344

partitioning_clauses

of ALTER TABLE 210

partitions

efficient deletes from 477

password history parameters 140

PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME option

PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME option

PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME option

PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX option

PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME option

of CREATE PROFILE command 366

PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION option

passwords

changing 248

establishing for users 370, 458

pattern matching

definition 3-8

PCTFREE parameter

of CREATE CLUSTER command 306

of CREATE TABLE command 413

PCTINCREASE parameter

of STORAGE clause 626

PCTTHRESHOLD option

PCTUSED parameter

of CREATE CLUSTER command 306

of CREATE TABLE command 413

PCTVERSION parameter

of LOB storage clause 417

physical_attributes_clause

of ALTER CLUSTER 106

of ALTER TABLE 207

of CREATE CLUSTER 306

of CREATE TABLE 409

PL/SQL

functions 3-60

PLSQL_V2_COMPATABILITY option

PM/P.M. format element 3-72

POST_TRANSACTION option

of DISCONNECT SESSION clause

POWER number function 3-22

PR format element 3-65

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES clause

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES clause of CREATE TYPE command 450

pragma_clause

of ALTER TYPE 243

of CREATE TYPE 446

precedence

definition 3-2

precision

of NUMBER columns 2-10

preface

Send Us Your Comments xv

primary key

snapshots 394

PRIMARY KEY option

of ADD clause

of ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG command 182

of DROP clause 483

of ALTER RESOURCE COST command 143

primary keys 288, 293

PRIOR operator 3-16

PRIVATE_SGA parameter

privilege domain

changing 617

privileges 545

procedure_specification parameter

of CREATE TYPE command 244

procedure_specification parameter of CREATE TYPE command 449

procedures

adding to packages 349

creating 357

definition 357, 360

dropping 346, 495

granting object privileges on 547

overloading 2-49, 349

recompiling 136

redefining 357

removing from packages 495

PROFILE clause

of CREATE USER command 458

profiles

adding resource limits to 138, 363

altering 138

assigning to users 248, 458

creating 363

DEFAULT profile 367, 458, 497

definition 363, 366

dropping 497

modifying resource limits in 138

PUBLIC_DEFAULT profile 141, 143

removing resource limits from 138

pseudocolumns 2-32

PUBLIC option

of CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 374

of CREATE SYNONYM command 401

of DROP DATABASE LINK command 487

of DROP SYNONYM command 503

of ENABLE clause 117

of FROM clause 575, 579

of TO clause 534, 545

public rollback segments 374

PUBLIC_DEFAULT profile 141, 143

punctuation

in date format models 3-76

queries 631

examples 634

SELECT 589

QUOTA clause

multiple in CREATE USER statement 459

of CREATE USER command 458, 459

quote marks

using in text literals 2-2

quoted names 2-49

RAW datatype 2-15

RAWTOHEX conversion function 3-43

RDBMS (relational database management system) 1- 1

read consistency

default 621

READ ONLY option

of SET TRANSACTION command 620

READ WRITE option

of SET TRANSACTION command 620

REBUILD UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES option

recompiling

disabling for distributed transactions 184, 199

recoverability

of tables 415

recovery

enabling for distributed transactions 184, 199

RECYCLE option

of BUFFER_POOL option

assigning to redo log threads 314

redefining

redo log file groups

adding members to 115

adding to threads 114

dropping 115

dropping members from 115

maximum number

of members 320

redo log file members

adding to redo log file groups 115

dropping from redo log file groups 115

maximum number

for redo log file groups 320

for redo log files 317

renaming 116

specifying 530

redo log files

adding to databases 317, 319

archiving 114, 317, 320

maximum number

for databases 317, 319

of members 317

specifying 530

switching 184, 198

redo log threads

adding redo log file groups to 114

assigning redo log file groups to 314

disabling 117

dropping redo log file groups from 115

enabling 117

REF clause

REF columns

adding to tables 224

creating in tables 424

REF constructor

expression syntax 3-87

REFERENCES object privilege

REFERENCES options

of CONSTRAINT clause 295

REFERENCING clause

referential integrity constraints 288, 294

defining 296

dropping 579

maintaining 297

REFRESH clause

of CREATE SNAPSHOT command 389

refresh modes

for snapshots 391

refresh times

for snapshots 392

refreshing

snapshots 176, 389

snapshots with snapshot logs 398

REFs 2-23

DANGLING 2-23

scoped 424

REFTOHEX function 3-56

remote query 637

remote table

identifying 637

removing

Comments from objects 281

integrity constraints from columns 213, 220

procedures from packages 495

resource limits from profiles 138

stored functions from packages 489

RENAME command 573

examples 573

RENAME FILE clause

of ALTER DATABASE command 116

RENAME object auditing option 272

RENAME option

RENAME PARTITION option

redo log file members 116

renaming

datafiles 116, 231

objects 573

REPLACE character function 3-29

REPLACE option

RESETLOGS option

RESIZE clause

adding to profiles 138, 363

resource limits

assigning to users 248

costs of resources 143

disabling 184, 194

enabling 184, 194, 367

exceeding 366

modifying 138

removing profiles from 138

RESOURCE role 372

RESOURCE statement auditing short cut 275

RESOURCE_LIMIT option

of ALTER SYSTEM command 194

RETURNING clause

of DELETE command 475, 646

of INSERT command 552

of the DELETE command 477

of the UPDATE command 650

retrieving deleted rows 477

retrieving inserted rows 554

retrieving updated rows 650

returning_clause

of DELETE 474

of INSERT

INSERT command

REUSE option

of BACKUP CONTROLFILE clause 116

of filespec 531

REUSE STORAGE option

of TRUNCATE command 640

REVERSE option

object privileges from users and roles 578

REVOKE command 575, 578

examples 577, 581

revoking

system privileges and roles from users, roles 575

revoking object type privileges 579

RN format element 3-65

RNDS parameter

RNDS parameter of CREATE TYPE command 450

RNPS parameter

RNPS parameter of CREATE TYPE command 450

roles

roll back

to the same savepoint multiple times 585

ROLLBACK command 584

ending a transaction 585

examples 585

summary 103

ROLLBACK option

of ADVISE clause 158

ROLLBACK SEGMENT option

of USING INDEX clause 388

rollback segments

optimal size of 375, 627

shrinking size 149, 375, 627

snapshots 393

specifying tablespaces for 374, 375

storage characteristics of 375

SYSTEM rollback segment 427

taking online and offline 149, 499

ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS 149

rolling back

transactions 584

ROUND date function 3-39, 3-40

format models for 3-40

ROUND number function 3-22

rounding numeric data 2-11

by using scale 2-11

row address

ROWID 2-18

row exclusive locks 558

row share locks 558

ROWID

description of 2-18

pseudocolumn 2-36

ROWID option

of ADD clause

of ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG command 182

ROWIDTOCHAR conversion function 3-44

ROWNUM pseudocolumn 2-37

and ORDER BY clause 2-38

rows

accessing via ROWID 2-36

deleting from tables and views 473

identifying with ROWID values 2-36

inserting into tables and views 550

ordering 602

selecting from tables 589

updating 643

RPAD character function 3-29

RR date format element 3-72

RTRIM character function 3-30

RX locks 558

S format element 3-65

SAMPLE parameter

erasing with COMMIT command 283

SAVEPOINT command 587

examples 588

summary 103

savepoints

creating 587

scalar

definition 244, 449

scale

negative 2-11

of NUMBER columns 2-10

SCAN_INSTANCES parameter

of ALTER SYSTEM command 190

schema object

naming rules 2-47

schema object name

qualifiers 2-47

schema object naming 2-47

schema objects

schemas

SCOPE clause

SCOPE IS clause

of CREATE TABLE command 412, 413

searching

for rows with an index 341

security

provided by views 465

security domains 250

segment_attributes_clause

of CREATE TABLE 408

segment_partition_clause

of ALTER TABLE 212

SELECT

outer_join 608

SELECT clause

INSERT command 553

UPDATE command 646, 649

SELECT command 589

examples 2-35, 594, 598, 600, 603, 605, 606, 634, 638

summary 102

WITH_clause 591

select list 593

SELECT object auditing option 272

SELECT object privilege

on sequences 547

SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE role 372

self joins 607

Send Us Your Comments

boilerplate xv

SEQ parameter

SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) 1- 1

sequences 380

accessing values of 2-33, 637

altering 151

creating 380

cycling values of 383

dropping 500

increment between values 151, 381

incrementing values of 2-33, 637

limiting values of 383

losing values of 384

performance benefits of 382

renaming 573

restarting 500

skipping values of 382

SERIALIZABLE option

of ISOLATION_LEVEL parameter

serializing transactions 160

session control commands 103

session cursors 168

SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS 168

SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS parameter

SESSIONID option

closing database links for 168

sessions

altering 154

disconnecting 192, 200

enabling and disabling error reporting of unusable indexes 162

enabling and disabling roles for 616

enabling and disabling SQL trace facility for 162, 163

National Language Support (NLS) settings for 160, 163

terminating 192, 199

SET clause

of EXPLAIN PLAN command 525

of UPDATE command 646

SET CONSTRAINT(S) command 614

SET DATABASE parameter

SET TRANSACTION command 620

set operators 601

SET ROLE command 616

examples 618

set_clause

share row exclusive locks 558

share update locks 558

SHARED option

creating and terminating 195, 196

shared pool

clearing 193

shared server processes

shared SQL area

session cursors 167

SHRINK clause

of ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 149

shrinking

rollback segments 375, 627

simple join

example 606

simple snapshots 390

simultaneous update and query on tables 621

SIN number function 3-23, 3-24

SINH number function 3-23

SIZE parameter

of ALLOCATE EXTENT clause 107, 128, 215

of CREATE CLUSTER command 307, 310

of filespec 531

SKIP_UNUSABLE_INDEXES option

storage characteristics of 398

snapshot logs

snapshot refresh, job queue processes 392

SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_INTERVAL 392

SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_KEEP_CONNECTIONS 392

SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_PROCESSES 392

snapshots

SOME comparison operator 3-5

SOUNDEX character function 3-30

space

deallocating 471

SPECIFICATION option

of COMPILE clause

of ALTER SNAPSHOT command 175, 182

SPLIT PARTITION option

conversion functions 3-42

split_partition_clause

of ALTER INDEX 126

of ALTER TABLE 212

SQL

embedded 1- 3

functions 3-16, 3-78

history of 1- 1

lexical conventions 1- 4

optimizer 1- 3

standards 1- 2

summary of commands 97

unified language 1- 3

SQL (Structured Query Language) 1- 1

SQL functions

character 3-25

group 3-57

SQL trace facility

enabling and disabling for sessions 162, 163

SQL/DS

standard deviation 3-59

standby database

RECOVER clause 570

START WITH clause

of SELECT command 592, 596, 598

START WITH parameter

statement auditing options 270

statement auditing short cuts 274

states of constraints 303, 518

STDDEV group function 3-59

storage

ALTER TABLESPACE 231

storage characteristics

of clusters 106, 306, 307

of indexes 123, 339

of rollback segments 375

of snapshot logs 398

of snapshots 175, 388

of tables 413, 414

STORAGE clause 624

examples 628

of CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 375

removing from packages 489

stored functions

adding to packages 349

creating 330

definition 330

dropping 489

overloading 2-49, 349

PL/SQL 3-60

recompiling 121

redefining 332

stored procedures

procedures 357

storing LOBs 214, 416

storing nested tables 215

string to date conversion 3-77

Subqueries

subquery

SUBSTR character function 3-31

SUM group function 3-59, 3-60

suppressing blank padding

in date format models 3-75

SWITCH LOGFILE option

of ALTER SYSTEM command 198

switching

redo log files 184, 198

SYEAR date format element 3-72

synonyms

granting object privileges on 547

renaming 573

scope of 403

using with database links 326

SYSDATE date function 3-40

system change numbers

specifying for forced transactions 284

system control commands 104

system privileges

granting 534

granting to users and roles 533

revoking from users and roles 575

SYSTEM rollback segment 427

SYSTEM tablespace 427, 430

table alias 648

table constraints 286

example 301

TABLE option

of subquery 633

of TRUNCATE command 639

table partitions

modifying 225

table_partition_clause

of CREATE TABLE 411

table_ref_clause

adding columns to 203, 213, 219

of CREATE TABLE 408

tables

adding Comments to 281

adding integrity constraints to 213, 220

adding LOB columns to 222

adding to clusters 417

adding triggers to 432

aliases for 592

allocating extents for 203

allowing writes 203

altering 203

creating 405

creating index-organized tables 405

creating snapshot logs for 396

creating views on 462

definition 405

deleting rows from 473, 504, 639

disallowing writes 203

dropping 504

dropping integrity constraints from 483

dropping triggers from 508

granting object privileges on 546

inserting rows into 550

LOB storage characteristics of 214, 416

locking 557

recoverability 415

redefining columns of 203

removing Comments from 281

removing from clusters 485

renaming 573

selecting data from 589

specifying tablespaces for 414

storage characteristics of 203, 214, 405, 413, 414

truncating 639

updating rows in 643

TABLESPACE option

of CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT command 374

TANH number function 3-24

tablespaces 427

TAN number function 3-24

TEMPORARY option

TERMINAL option

dispatcher processes (DISP) 196

terminating

sessions 192, 199

shared shadow processes 196

text

definition of 2-2

THE keyword

in flattened subqueries 634

of SELECT command 592

of subquery 633

THREAD parameter

of ADD LOGFILE clause 114

threads

redo log threads 319

TO clause

of GRANT command 545

of ROLLBACK command 584

TO parameter

TO_CHAR conversion function 3-44

examples 3-63, 3-64, 3-76

TO_DATE conversion function 3-46

TO_MULTI_BYTE conversion function 3-47

TO_NUMBER conversion function 3-47

TO_SINGLE_BYTE conversion function 3-47

transaction control commands 103

transactions 284

committing 283

distributed 284, 586

establishing as read-only 620

TRANSLATE character function 3-32

TRANSLATE USING conversion function 3-48

triggered action 438

triggers

creating 432

definition 432

dropping from tables 508

enabling and disabling 240

TRUE

result of a condition 3-90

TRUNC date function 3-40

format models for 3-40

TRUNC number function 3-25

TRUNCATE command 639

examples 641

TRUNCATE PARTITION option

of CLEAR LOGFILE clause 115

truncating

type bodies

type constructor

expression syntax 3-82

type specifications

compiling 243

types

user-defined 2-22

UID function 3-54

UNARCHIVED option

undo a transaction 584

UNION ALL set operator 593

examples 3-14

UNION set operator 593

examples 3-14

unique keys 288, 291

UNIQUE option

UNLIMITED clause

of ALTER PROFILE command 139

UNLIMITED option

of CREATE PROFILE command 366

of QUOTA clause 458

UNTIL CANCEL option

UNTIL CHANGE parameter

UNTIL TIME parameter

UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES option

UPDATE object auditing options 272

UPDATE command 643, 649

examples 648

returning_clause 645

subquery 646

UPDATE object privilege

UPDATE option

rows in tables and views 643

updating

updating simple snapshots 390

UPPER character function 3-33

uppercase

significance in SQL statements 1- 5

uppercase and lowercase

significance in pattern matching 3-9

user access verification

user authentication

expression syntax 3-81

user functions 3-60

USER_CLUSTERS view 261

USER_INDEXES view 259

USER_TAB_COLUMNS view 261

USER_TABLES view 259

user-defined types 2-22

USERENV function 3-54

users

USING clause

USING INDEX option

of CREATE SNAPSHOT command 388

USING MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT clause

V$NLS_PARAMETERS table 163

using_index_clause

ENABLE clause

V format element 3-65

V$LOG table 115, 319

VALIDATE option

of ENABLE clause 517

ofCONSTRAINT clause 290

VALIDATE REF UPDATE option

validating constraints 290

value

use in expression 3-78

VALUE operator

expression syntax 3-87

VALUES clause

of INSERT command 552, 553

VALUES LESS THAN clause

similarity to RAW datatype 2-15

VARCHAR datatype 2-10

VARCHAR2 datatype 2-9

VARGRAPHIC datatype 2-22

variable length

date format models 3-75

VARRAYs 2-23

views

adding Comments to 281

and DML commands 466

creating 462

definition 462

deleting rows from 473

dropping 515

inherently updatable 466

inserting rows into 550

removing Comments from 281

WHEN clause

of CREATE TRIGGER command 435

WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL clause

of AUDIT (Schema Objects) command 277

WHERE clause

of SELECT command 592

of UPDATE command 646

wildcard characters

pattern matching 3-8

WITH CONTEXT option

WITH GRANT OPTION 545

WITH_clause

of SELECT command 591

of subqueries 632

WNDS parameter

WNDS parameter of CREATE TYPE command 450

WNPS parameter